Solar system

Solar system

            Many hypotheses about the origin of the Solar System has been suggested by experts, some of which are: Pierre-Simon Laplace, supporting Hypothesis Nebula, Gerard Kuiper, supporting Hypothesis Condensation, other theories that Nebula Hypothesis, Hypothesis planetesimals, Star Tidal hypothesis, Hypothesis condensation, Hypothesis Twin Star
            Nebular hypothesis was first proposed by Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) in 1734 and refined by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) in 1775. Planetesimals hypothesis first put forward by Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forest R. Moulton in 1900. Planetesimals hypothesis says that our solar system formed as a result of another star passing close enough to the Sun, in the early days of the formation of tidal Matahari.Hipotesis first put forward by James Jeans in 1917. Considered planets are formed due to the approach of another star to the Sun. Condensation hypothesis originally put forward by the Dutch astronomer named GP Kuiper (1905-1973) in 1950. Condensation hypothesis explains that the solar system formed from a giant rotating ball fog raksasa.Hipotesis twin star forming discs originally proposed by Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) in 1956. Hypothesis suggests that firstly our Solar System in the form of two stars of similar size and adjacent to one of them exploded leaving little pieces .
            The main components of the Solar System is the Sun, a main sequence G2 class that contains 99.86 percent of the mass of the system and dominate all the force of gravity. Jupiter and Saturn, the two largest components of the circle around the Sun, covering approximately 90 percent of the rest mass. The solar system is divided into two parts, namely governance and suryabagian in the outer solar system. The sun consists of three parts: In part bagianpertama consists of a radioactive area, local convection and the thermonuclear (Hydrogen, Helium). Baian both surface: black spots (sun spots), Fabula, granules, Sunspots (Umbra, Penumbra). Third chromosphere (corona)
            The inner Solar System is the common name that includes the terrestrial planets and asteroids. Three of the four planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) have atmospheres, all of which have meteor craters and tectonic surface properties such as volcanoes and valleys fractions. Planets are located between the Sun and the Earth (Mercury and Venus) is also called inferior planets.
            Fourth outer planets, giant planets are also called gas (gas giant), or a Jovian planet, covering 99 percent of the overall mass orbiting the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn contains mostly hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune have a greater proportion of ice. All four gas giants have rings, although only Saturn's ring system that can be seen easily from Earth.
            Asteroid general object of the Solar System is made up of rock and mineral metal beku.Sabuk main asteroid located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the sun, thought to be remnants from the Solar System's formation that failed clumping due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter
            Comets are small Solar System bodies, usually only a few kilometers across, and is made of volatile ices. Short-period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long-period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. For example comet helly, Centaur,
            Satellite is a celestial companion planet. Always accompany satellite and planet rotates on its center. There are 2 satellite is the natural satellite and artificial satellite. Examples of natural satellite: moon, Titan, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Thetys, Rhea, Dione, Triton, Larissa, Proteus, Nereid

SRIWIJAYA KINGDOM

Sriwijaya was a powerful kingdom  based in the island of Sumatra, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Sriwijaya was an important center for Buddhist expansion in 8th to 12th centuries. The evidence of its existence dates from   inscription in which the name Sriwijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, another inscription is found that kedukan bukit,talang tuo, telaga batu, and kota kapur. The empire of Srivijaya was founded by Dapunta Hyang Çri Yacanaca (Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa).The empire was organised in three main zones — the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as hinterland and rival estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. The areas upstream of the Musi River were rich in various commodities valuable to Chinese traders.

Under the leadership of Jayanasa, the kingdom of Malayu became the first kingdom to be integrated into the Srivijayan Empire. Malayu, also known as Jambi, was rich in gold and was held in high esteem. Srivijaya recognized that the submission of Malayu would increase their own prestige. The Srivijayan was benefited from the lucrative maritime trade between China and India, and also trading Indonesian archipelago product such as Maluku spices. The necessity to maintain their trade monopoly has led them to launch naval military expeditions against rival ports in Southeast Asia, and absorb them within Srivijayan mandala. The port of Malayu in Jambi, Kota Kapur in Bangka island, Tarumanagara and port of Sunda in West Java, Kalingga in Central Java, and port of Kedah and Chaiya in Malay peninsula are among regional ports that being absorbed within Srivijayan sphere of influence. Although historical records and archaeological evidence are scarce, it appears that by the 7th century, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java and much of the Malay Peninsula. Dominating the Malacca and Sunda straits. The main urban centres were at Palembang (especially the Karanganyar site near Bukit Seguntang area), Muara Jambi and Kedah.

Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in Nusantara (Malay-Indonesian archipelago). The trade contact carried by some ethnics at the time was the main vehicle to spread Malay language, since it was the communication device amongst the traders. By then, Malay language become lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago. Srivijaya and its kings were instrumental in the spread of Buddhism as they established it in places they conquered like Java, Malaya, and other lands.

            The decline of Srivijaya was contributed by foreign piracy and raids that disrupted the trade and security in the region. Attracted to the wealth of Srivijaya, in 1025 Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya and conquered Kadaram (modern Kedah) from Srivijaya and occupied it for some time.

The most important legacy of Srivijayan empire was probably their language. For centuries, Srivijaya through their expansion, economic power and military prowess was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay language throughout the Malay-Indonesian archipelago. It was the working language of traders, used in various ports and marketplaces in the region.[57] The language of Srivijayan was probably had paved the way for the prominence of present day Malay and Indonesian language, to be the official language of Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore and as the unifying language of modern Indonesia.

Story of Majapahit

Majapahit was a vast thalassocratic archipelagic empire based on the island of Java (modern-day Indonesia) from 1293 to around 1500. Majapahit reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked by conquest which extended through Southeast Asia. His achievement is also credited to his prime minister, Gajah Mada. According to the Nagarakretagama (Desawarñana) written in 1365.
Javanese economy had been partly monetised since the late 8th century, using gold and silver coins. Taxes and fines were paid in cash. Previously, the 9th century Wonoboyo hoard discovered in Central Java shows that ancient Javan gold coins was seed-shaped, similar to corn, while the silver coins was similar to buttons. In about the year 1300, in the reign of Majapahit's first king, an important change took place: the indigenous coinage was completely replaced by imported Chinese copper cash. These kepeng Chinese coins were thin rounded copper coins with square hole in the center of it. The hole was meant to tie together the money in a string of coins. These small changes the imported Chinese copper coins enabled Majapahit further invention, a method of savings by using a slitted earthenware coin containers. These are commonly found in Majapahit ruins, the slit is the small opening to put the coins in. The most popular shape is boar-shaped celengan (piggy bank).
The capital (Trowulan) was grand and known for its great annual festivities. Buddhism, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism were all practiced, and the king was regarded as the incarnation of the three.
Although brick had been used in the candi of Indonesia's classical age, it was Majapahit architects of the 14th and 15th centuries who mastered it. Making use of a vine sap and palm sugar mortar, their temples had a strong geometric quality. The example of Majapahit temples are Brahu temple in Trowulan, Pari in Sidoarjo, Jabung in Probolinggo, and Surawana temple near Kediri. Some of the temples are dated from earlier period but renovated and expanded during Majapahit era, such as Penataran, the largest temple in East Java dated back to Kediri era. This temple was identified in Nagarakretagama as Palah temple and reported being visited by King Hayam Wuruk during his royal tour across East Java.
The rulers of Majapahit was the dynastic continuity of the Singhasari kings, which started by Sri Ranggah Rajasa, the founder of Rajasa dynasty in late 13th century. Raden Wijaya, styled Kertarajasa Jayawardhana (1294–1309). Kalagamet, styled Jayanagara (1309–1328). Sri Gitarja, styled Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (1328–1350). Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara (1350–1389). Wikramawardhana (1389–1429). Suhita (1429–1447). Kertawijaya, styled Brawijaya I (1447–1451). Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II (1451–1453). Interregnum (1453–1456). Bhre Wengker, Purwawisesa or Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III (1456–1466). Singhawikramawardhana, Pandanalas, or Suraprabhawa, styled Brawijaya IV (1466–1468 or 1478). Kertabumi, styled Brawijaya V (1468–1478). Girindrawardhana, styled Brawijaya VI (1478–1527).
Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession. Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana. Hayam Wuruk also had a son from his previous marriage, crown prince Wirabhumi, who also claimed the throne. A civil war, called Paregreg, is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406. of which Wikramawardhana was victorious and Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. The civil war has weakened Majapahit grip on its outer vassals and colonies.